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Sensitivity measures how effectively a loudspeaker converts electrical power (input signal) into acoustic power (sound output). Sensitivity is typically expressed in decibels (dB) and is measured at a specific distance from the loudspeaker driver with a standardized input power level of one watt (1W) or other defined power levels. The sensitivity rating indicates the sound pressure level (SPL) produced by the loudspeaker at that distance and power level. For example, a speaker driver with a sensitivity rating of 90 dB/1W/1m will produce a sound pressure level of 90 dB when driven with 1 watt of power at a distance of 1 meter.
It should be noted that sensitivity and efficiency are two similar but different parameters. Efficiency refers to how effectively the loudspeaker converts electrical power into acoustic power, just like sensitivity. However, efficiency is expressed as a percentage and represents the ratio of acoustic power output to electrical power input. A higher efficiency percentage means that the loudspeaker driver can convert a larger portion of the electrical power into sound, while a lower efficiency percentage indicates that more power is wasted as heat or other forms of energy rather than being converted into sound. To summarize:
- Sensitivity: Expressed in decibels and measures the SPL output at a specific distance with a standardized input power level, such as 1 watt (1W) or sometimes 2.83 volts. It indicates how loud the loudspeaker or driver will be at that distance with the specified input.
- Efficiency: Expressed as a percentage and represents the ratio of acoustic power output to electrical power input. It indicates how effectively the loudspeaker driver converts electrical power into sound energy, regardless of the input power level or distance.
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